{"id":75192,"date":"2016-01-12T01:17:03","date_gmt":"2016-01-12T01:17:03","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/globalroadtechnology.com\/\/?p=75192"},"modified":"2019-07-11T04:56:55","modified_gmt":"2019-07-11T04:56:55","slug":"equivalent-standard-axle-first-principles","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/globalroadtechnology.com\/equivalent-standard-axle-first-principles\/","title":{"rendered":"Equivalent Standard Axle \u2013 First Principles"},"content":{"rendered":"<h3>The Equivalent Standard Axle (ESA) and the Standard Axle Repetition (SAR) is the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinepublications.austroads.com.au\/\">Austroads<\/a> method in determining a standardised wheel load and a correlation for different wheel load configurations using the material damage exponent theorem.<\/h3>\n<p><strong><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-75135\" src=\"https:\/\/globalroadtechnology.com\/\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/06\/37global-road-technology-flexible-pavement-design-model.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1000\" height=\"667\" srcset=\"https:\/\/globalroadtechnology.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/06\/37global-road-technology-flexible-pavement-design-model.jpg 1000w, https:\/\/globalroadtechnology.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/06\/37global-road-technology-flexible-pavement-design-model-600x400.jpg 600w, https:\/\/globalroadtechnology.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/06\/37global-road-technology-flexible-pavement-design-model-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/globalroadtechnology.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/06\/37global-road-technology-flexible-pavement-design-model-768x512.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1000px) 100vw, 1000px\" \/>Equivalent Standard Axle (ESA):<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Is based on a Single Axle Dual Tire (SADT) exhibiting a force of 80kN (or 8T)<\/li>\n<li>Standardises various axle configurations and loads<\/li>\n<li>Adopts a load magnitude to the 4<sup>th<\/sup> power<\/li>\n<li>Is the empirical process used for the design thickness of granular pavements with thin bituminous surfacings<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Standard Axle Repetition (SAR):<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Follows on from the ESA calculation and is used for pavement profiles with more than one layer of bound material<\/li>\n<li>Provides indicative performance factors (SAR<sub>ASPHALT<\/sub>, SAR<sub>SUBGRADE<\/sub> and SAR<sub>CEMENT<\/sub>) for various materials and pavement configurations including fatigue in bound materials and rutting in the subgrade<\/li>\n<li>Adopts various load magnitudes for the material types (SAR<sub>ASP<\/sub> = 5, SAR<sub>SUB<\/sub> = 7 &amp; SAR<sub>CEM<\/sub> =12)<\/li>\n<li>Provides a value based upon the Traffic Load Distribution (TLD) for the subject section<\/li>\n<li>Is used for the Austroads mechanistic design process (CIRCLY)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Understanding and adopting this wheel load calculation is focused on the ratio of a nominated wheel loading to the base load for a \u2018standard axle\u2019 as outlined in <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinepublications.austroads.com.au\/collections\/agpt\/guides\">Austroads Guide to Pavement Technology<\/a> \u2013 Part 2 Structural Design.<\/p>\n<p>Generally speaking, the theory for calculating the load induced wheel loading is detailed using the load damage equation:<\/p>\n<p><strong>Where:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>SAR = Standard Axle Repetition (Asphalt, Cement, Subgrade)<\/p>\n<p>Lij = Load Magnitude (nominated axle load)<\/p>\n<p>SLi = Standard Axle Configuration Base Load<\/p>\n<p>m = Damage Exponent (ESA = 4, SAR<sub>ASPHALT <\/sub>= 5, SAR<sub>SUBGRADE <\/sub>= 7, SAR<sub>CEMENT <\/sub>= 12)<\/p>\n<p>This procedure is the first principles method of determining ESAs and SARs for each Heavy Vehicle Axle Group (HVAG) for a heavy vehicle and ultimately a nominated ESA\/Heavy Vehicle. Conventional HVAGs include:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Single Axle Single Tires (SAST)<\/li>\n<li>Single Axle Dual Tires (SADT)<\/li>\n<li>Tandem Axle Single Tires (TAST)<\/li>\n<li>Tandem Axle Dual Tires (TADT)<\/li>\n<li>Tri-axle Single Tires (TRST)<\/li>\n<li>Tri-axle Dual Tires (TRDT)<\/li>\n<li>Quad-axle Single Tires (QAST)<\/li>\n<li>Quad-axle Dual Tires (QADT)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>This first principles method is particularly relevant when the road section is characterised by a consistent traffic profile or where the traffic load distribution is known.<\/p>\n<p>For more information on The Equivalent Standard Axle (ESA) and the Standard Axle Repetition (SAR) or Global Road Technology products please <a href=\"https:\/\/globalroadtechnology.com\/\/contact-grt\/\">contact GRT<\/a>.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>The Equivalent Standard Axle (ESA) and the Standard Axle Repetition (SAR) is the Austroads method in determining a standardised wheel [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":5,"featured_media":75193,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[115],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-75192","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-industry-articles"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v26.0 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>Equivalent Standard Axle \u2013 First Principles | Global Road Technology<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Learn about the Equivalent Standard Axle (ESA) and the Standard Axle Repetition (SAR) principles. Read the article today.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/globalroadtechnology.com\/equivalent-standard-axle-first-principles\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Equivalent Standard Axle \u2013 First Principles | Global Road Technology\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Learn about the Equivalent Standard Axle (ESA) and the Standard Axle Repetition (SAR) principles. Read the article today.\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/globalroadtechnology.com\/equivalent-standard-axle-first-principles\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"GRT\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2016-01-12T01:17:03+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2019-07-11T04:56:55+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/globalroadtechnology.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/06\/generic2-header-highway.jpg\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"1024\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"334\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/jpeg\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"Troy Adams\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Written by\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"Troy Adams\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Est. reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"2 minutes\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\/\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/globalroadtechnology.com\/equivalent-standard-axle-first-principles\/\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/globalroadtechnology.com\/equivalent-standard-axle-first-principles\/\",\"name\":\"Equivalent Standard Axle \u2013 First Principles | Global Road Technology\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/globalroadtechnology.com\/#website\"},\"primaryImageOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/globalroadtechnology.com\/equivalent-standard-axle-first-principles\/#primaryimage\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/globalroadtechnology.com\/equivalent-standard-axle-first-principles\/#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\/\/globalroadtechnology.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/06\/generic2-header-highway.jpg\",\"datePublished\":\"2016-01-12T01:17:03+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2019-07-11T04:56:55+00:00\",\"author\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/globalroadtechnology.com\/#\/schema\/person\/634efc2026d5462934990ffbab7984a1\"},\"description\":\"Learn about the Equivalent Standard Axle (ESA) and the Standard Axle Repetition (SAR) principles. Read the article today.\",\"breadcrumb\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/globalroadtechnology.com\/equivalent-standard-axle-first-principles\/#breadcrumb\"},\"inLanguage\":\"en-AU\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"ReadAction\",\"target\":[\"https:\/\/globalroadtechnology.com\/equivalent-standard-axle-first-principles\/\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"en-AU\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/globalroadtechnology.com\/equivalent-standard-axle-first-principles\/#primaryimage\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/globalroadtechnology.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/06\/generic2-header-highway.jpg\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\/\/globalroadtechnology.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/06\/generic2-header-highway.jpg\",\"width\":1024,\"height\":334,\"caption\":\"Equivalent Standard Axle \u2013 First Principles\"},{\"@type\":\"BreadcrumbList\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/globalroadtechnology.com\/equivalent-standard-axle-first-principles\/#breadcrumb\",\"itemListElement\":[{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":1,\"name\":\"Home\",\"item\":\"https:\/\/globalroadtechnology.com\/\"},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":2,\"name\":\"Equivalent Standard Axle \u2013 First Principles\"}]},{\"@type\":\"WebSite\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/globalroadtechnology.com\/#website\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/globalroadtechnology.com\/\",\"name\":\"GRT\",\"description\":\"Dust Control and Soil Stabilization\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"SearchAction\",\"target\":{\"@type\":\"EntryPoint\",\"urlTemplate\":\"https:\/\/globalroadtechnology.com\/?s={search_term_string}\"},\"query-input\":{\"@type\":\"PropertyValueSpecification\",\"valueRequired\":true,\"valueName\":\"search_term_string\"}}],\"inLanguage\":\"en-AU\"},{\"@type\":\"Person\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/globalroadtechnology.com\/#\/schema\/person\/634efc2026d5462934990ffbab7984a1\",\"name\":\"Troy Adams\",\"image\":{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"en-AU\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/globalroadtechnology.com\/#\/schema\/person\/image\/\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/globalroadtechnology.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/troy-150x150.jpeg\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\/\/globalroadtechnology.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/troy-150x150.jpeg\",\"caption\":\"Troy Adams\"},\"description\":\"Troy Adams is the Managing Director of Global Road Technology (GRT) Specialising in Engineered Solutions for Dust Suppression, Erosion Control, Soil Stabilisation and Water Management. A pioneering, socially conscious Australian entrepreneur, Troy Adams is passionate about health and safety and providing innovative solutions that are cost-effective to the mining industry, governments and infrastructure sectors. Troy is also a tech investor, director of companies like Crossware, Boost, Hakkasan, Novikov and more.\",\"sameAs\":[\"https:\/\/globalroadtechnology.com\/\/\",\"https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/troyadamsglobalroadtechnology\/\"],\"url\":\"https:\/\/globalroadtechnology.com\/author\/troy-adams-grt\/\"}]}<\/script>\n<!-- \/ Yoast SEO plugin. -->","yoast_head_json":{"title":"Equivalent Standard Axle \u2013 First Principles | Global Road Technology","description":"Learn about the Equivalent Standard Axle (ESA) and the Standard Axle Repetition (SAR) principles. Read the article today.","robots":{"index":"index","follow":"follow","max-snippet":"max-snippet:-1","max-image-preview":"max-image-preview:large","max-video-preview":"max-video-preview:-1"},"canonical":"https:\/\/globalroadtechnology.com\/equivalent-standard-axle-first-principles\/","og_locale":"en_US","og_type":"article","og_title":"Equivalent Standard Axle \u2013 First Principles | Global Road Technology","og_description":"Learn about the Equivalent Standard Axle (ESA) and the Standard Axle Repetition (SAR) principles. Read the article today.","og_url":"https:\/\/globalroadtechnology.com\/equivalent-standard-axle-first-principles\/","og_site_name":"GRT","article_published_time":"2016-01-12T01:17:03+00:00","article_modified_time":"2019-07-11T04:56:55+00:00","og_image":[{"width":1024,"height":334,"url":"https:\/\/globalroadtechnology.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/06\/generic2-header-highway.jpg","type":"image\/jpeg"}],"author":"Troy Adams","twitter_card":"summary_large_image","twitter_misc":{"Written by":"Troy Adams","Est. reading time":"2 minutes"},"schema":{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@graph":[{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"https:\/\/globalroadtechnology.com\/equivalent-standard-axle-first-principles\/","url":"https:\/\/globalroadtechnology.com\/equivalent-standard-axle-first-principles\/","name":"Equivalent Standard Axle \u2013 First Principles | Global Road Technology","isPartOf":{"@id":"https:\/\/globalroadtechnology.com\/#website"},"primaryImageOfPage":{"@id":"https:\/\/globalroadtechnology.com\/equivalent-standard-axle-first-principles\/#primaryimage"},"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/globalroadtechnology.com\/equivalent-standard-axle-first-principles\/#primaryimage"},"thumbnailUrl":"https:\/\/globalroadtechnology.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/06\/generic2-header-highway.jpg","datePublished":"2016-01-12T01:17:03+00:00","dateModified":"2019-07-11T04:56:55+00:00","author":{"@id":"https:\/\/globalroadtechnology.com\/#\/schema\/person\/634efc2026d5462934990ffbab7984a1"},"description":"Learn about the Equivalent Standard Axle (ESA) and the Standard Axle Repetition (SAR) principles. Read the article today.","breadcrumb":{"@id":"https:\/\/globalroadtechnology.com\/equivalent-standard-axle-first-principles\/#breadcrumb"},"inLanguage":"en-AU","potentialAction":[{"@type":"ReadAction","target":["https:\/\/globalroadtechnology.com\/equivalent-standard-axle-first-principles\/"]}]},{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-AU","@id":"https:\/\/globalroadtechnology.com\/equivalent-standard-axle-first-principles\/#primaryimage","url":"https:\/\/globalroadtechnology.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/06\/generic2-header-highway.jpg","contentUrl":"https:\/\/globalroadtechnology.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/06\/generic2-header-highway.jpg","width":1024,"height":334,"caption":"Equivalent Standard Axle \u2013 First Principles"},{"@type":"BreadcrumbList","@id":"https:\/\/globalroadtechnology.com\/equivalent-standard-axle-first-principles\/#breadcrumb","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":1,"name":"Home","item":"https:\/\/globalroadtechnology.com\/"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":2,"name":"Equivalent Standard Axle \u2013 First Principles"}]},{"@type":"WebSite","@id":"https:\/\/globalroadtechnology.com\/#website","url":"https:\/\/globalroadtechnology.com\/","name":"GRT","description":"Dust Control and Soil Stabilization","potentialAction":[{"@type":"SearchAction","target":{"@type":"EntryPoint","urlTemplate":"https:\/\/globalroadtechnology.com\/?s={search_term_string}"},"query-input":{"@type":"PropertyValueSpecification","valueRequired":true,"valueName":"search_term_string"}}],"inLanguage":"en-AU"},{"@type":"Person","@id":"https:\/\/globalroadtechnology.com\/#\/schema\/person\/634efc2026d5462934990ffbab7984a1","name":"Troy Adams","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-AU","@id":"https:\/\/globalroadtechnology.com\/#\/schema\/person\/image\/","url":"https:\/\/globalroadtechnology.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/troy-150x150.jpeg","contentUrl":"https:\/\/globalroadtechnology.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/troy-150x150.jpeg","caption":"Troy Adams"},"description":"Troy Adams is the Managing Director of Global Road Technology (GRT) Specialising in Engineered Solutions for Dust Suppression, Erosion Control, Soil Stabilisation and Water Management. A pioneering, socially conscious Australian entrepreneur, Troy Adams is passionate about health and safety and providing innovative solutions that are cost-effective to the mining industry, governments and infrastructure sectors. Troy is also a tech investor, director of companies like Crossware, Boost, Hakkasan, Novikov and more.","sameAs":["https:\/\/globalroadtechnology.com\/\/","https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/troyadamsglobalroadtechnology\/"],"url":"https:\/\/globalroadtechnology.com\/author\/troy-adams-grt\/"}]}},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/globalroadtechnology.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/75192","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/globalroadtechnology.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/globalroadtechnology.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/globalroadtechnology.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/5"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/globalroadtechnology.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=75192"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/globalroadtechnology.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/75192\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/globalroadtechnology.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/75193"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/globalroadtechnology.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=75192"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/globalroadtechnology.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=75192"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/globalroadtechnology.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=75192"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}